Articles in English Grammar

आज के इस पोस्ट में हम ‘Articles in English Grammar’ के बारे में पढ़ने वाले हैं। हम सीखेंगे कि Articles क्या हैं और किसी sentence में इनका प्रयोग कब और कैसे किया जाता है।

Articles in English Grammar- The words ‘A, An and The’ are called articles. They are also called demonstrative adjectives because they are used to modify nouns or provide additional information about them.

( A, An और The- इन शब्दों को Articles कहा जाता है। इन्हें demonstrative adjectives भी कहा जाता है क्योंकि इनका प्रयोग किसी संज्ञा के बारे में अतिरिक्त सूचना देने के लिए किया जाता है।)

Articles are of two types:

Articles दो तरह के होते हैं:

1. Indefinite Article- a/an

2. Definite Article- the

 

Articles in English Grammar

A (ए)- उच्चारण “अ”

An (ऐन)

The- उच्चारण “द” या “दी”

जब भी किसी वाक्य में ‘A’ अकेले आता है, तो उसका उच्चारण ‘अ’ होता है, न कि ‘ए’।

This is a ball. ( दिस इज़ अ बॉल)

Indefinite Article-‘A and An ‘ are called indefinite articles. These articles do not point out any particular person, place or thing. These are used before singular countable nouns.

‘A तथा An’ को Indefinite articles कहा जाता है। इन articles का प्रयोग किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के साथ होता है जिसके बारे में पहले से जानकारी न हो। इनका प्रयोग ‘singular countable noun’ से पहले किया जाता है।

Example- He saw a girl. (means ‘any girl’)

This is a pen.

Definite Article– ‘The’ is called a definite article. It generally points out a particular person, place or thing. It is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and singular uncountable nouns.

‘The’ एक ‘definite article’ है। इसका प्रयोग किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के साथ होता है जिसके बारे में पहले से जानकारी हो। इसका प्रयोग ‘ singular countable noun, plural countable noun तथा singular uncountable noun से पहले किया जाता है।

He saw the girl. ( some particular girl)

This is the pen, I was looking for.

Where to use ‘A’ and where to use ‘An’

Use of  ‘A and An’

A और An के प्रयोग को समझने से पहले हमें यह समझना होगा कि हिंदी और इंग्लिश दोनों languages में vowels(स्वर) और consonants ( व्यंजन) कौन-कौन से होते हैं।

Vowels ( स्वर)

a, e, i, o, u

Consonants (व्यंजन)

b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z

Vowel sound

अ आ इ ई ई ऊ ए ऐ ओ ओ अं, अ‌ः

Consonant sound

क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह क्ष त्र ज्ञ

Note- Articles में जब हमें यह पता करना हो कि ‘A’ का प्रयोग कहां होगा और ‘An’ का प्रयोग कहां, तब हमें यह पता होना बहुत जरूरी है कि हिंदी के vowel sound और consonant sound कौन-कौन से हैं।

A- with a consonant sound (जब व्यंजन की ध्वनि हो)

Ex. a university, a union

An- with a vowel sound(जब स्वर की ध्वनि हो)

Ex. an hour, an MLA

A is used before singular countable nouns starting with a consonant sound.

( व्यंजन ध्वनि से प्रारंभ होने वाले एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा से पहले ‘A’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)

Examples-

A student was suspended from the school.

I saw a dog running in the street.

An is used to indicate singular countable nouns starting with a vowel sound.

(स्वर ध्वनि से प्रारंभ होने वाले एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा से पहले ‘An’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)

Examples-

He is an honest politician.

Manish has an MBA degree from Australia.

Important Facts about Articles in English Grammar:-

1. हमने अक्सर बचपन से पढ़ा होता है कि ‘an’ का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब अगले शब्द की शुरुआत स्वर (a, e, i, o, u) से हो और ‘a’ का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब अगले शब्द की शुरुआत व्यंजन ( b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, y, z) से हो। परन्तु ऐसा नहीं है। सच तो ये है कि बात स्वर या व्यंजन से शुरू होने की नहीं बल्कि स्वर या व्यंजन की ध्वनि से शुरू होने की है।

We have often read since childhood that ‘an’ is used when the next word starts with a vowel ( a, e, i, o, u) and ‘a’ is used when the next word starts with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, y, z). But it’s not so. The fact is that it’s not a matter of starting with a vowel or a consonant, rather it’s all about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.

For example:

a university, an hour, a one rupee note, a union, a year, an ear, an MLA

2. We always use ‘a and an’ before countable nouns in the singular number. We don’t use articles before uncountable nouns. We never say a tea or a juice because they cannot be counted. However, we can say a cup of tea or a glass of juice.

( हम हमेशा एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञाओं से पहले a और an का प्रयोग करते हैं। जिन्हें गिना नहीं जा सकता उन संज्ञाओं से पहले a/an का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है। हम एक चाय या एक जूस कभी नहीं कहते क्योंकि ये गणनीय नहीं है। हालांकि हम एक कप चाय या एक गिलास जूस कह सकते है।)

3. Articles noun के साथ ही नहीं, pronoun के साथ भी प्रयोग किये जा सकते हैं।

For example-

I don’t want the blue pen. I want the red one.

Uses  of  Indefinite Articles ( ‘A and An’)

1. We use ‘a’ or ‘an’ before the name of occupation and profession.

हम व्यवसाय और पेशे के नाम से पहले ‘a’ या ‘an’ का प्रयोग करते हैं।

He is an engineer.

Her father is a doctor.

She is a teacher.

2. We use ‘an’ before words beginning with silent ‘h’

हम साइलेंट ‘h’ से शुरू होने वाले शब्दों से पहले ‘an’ का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Ex: an hour, an heir, an honourable man, an honest man

I will come in half an hour.

To be honest, I don’t know the answer.

3. We use ‘a’ or ‘an’ with the noun to express number, quantity, speed, ratio, weight, unit or price of something.

हम किसी चीज की संख्या, मात्रा, गति, अनुपात, वजन, इकाई या कीमत को व्यक्त करने के लिए संज्ञा के साथ ‘a’ या ‘an’ का उपयोग करते हैं।

I need a dozen bananas.

Twelve inches make a foot.

You need to buy a couple of books.

He can run a kilometre in just two minutes.

4. We use ‘an’ before abbreviations(short forms) which start with a consonant letter but a vowel sound.

(F, H, L, M, N, R, S, and X are letters that are not vowels but begin with vowel sounds. So ‘an’ is used before these letters.)

हम उन abbreviations से पहले ‘an’ का प्रयोग करते हैं जो शुरू तो एक व्यंजन से होते हैं लेकिन उनकी ध्वनि एक स्वर की होती है।

F, H, L, M, N, R, S और X ऐसे अक्षर हैं जो स्वर नहीं हैं लेकिन स्वर ध्वनियों से शुरू होते हैं। इसीलिए इन अक्षरों से पहले ‘an’ का उपयोग किया जाता है।

Examples-

an SP, an MLA, an FIR, an MBA, an MBA degree, an NBA coach, an MP, LC, an X-ray

His father is an MP.

He is an NRI.

5. When two or more adjectives qualify the same noun, article ‘a’ is used there.

जब दो या दो से अधिक ‘adjectives’ का प्रयोग एक ही ‘noun’ को बताने के लिए किया जाता है तो वहां पर article ‘a’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples-

A black & white cow was grazing in the field.

(A single cow, of black and white colour, was grazing.)

A black & a white cow were grazing in the field.

( Two Cows, one of black colour and the other of white colour were grazing in the field.)

6. We can use ‘a’ and ‘an’ with a singular countable noun to generalize in a broad or non-specific sense.

व्यापक या गैर- विशिष्ट अर्थ में सामान्यीकरण करने के लिए हम एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ ‘a’ और ‘an’ का प्रयोग  कर सकते हैं।

A cat is a furry animal. (taking about cats in general)

An apple is a healthy snack. ( Talking about apples as a type of snack)

7. When we use a proper noun as a common noun, article ‘a’ is used.

जब हम ‘proper noun’ का प्रयोग ‘common noun’ की तरह करते हैं, तो वहां article ‘a’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples-

She is a Lata Mangeshkar. ( means ‘she sings like Lata Mangeshkar’.)

Rahul’s father is a Hitler. He won’t let him play with us.

Note- जब Proper noun को common noun की तरह प्रयोग किया जाता है तो generalize sense होने पर ‘a/an’ तथा definite sense होने पर ‘the’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-

He is the Newton of our class.

Kalidas is known as the Shakespeare of India.

Definite Article (The)

The- उच्चारण ‘द’ या ‘दी’

कहां पर ‘द’ बोले और कहां पर ‘दी’ बोले।

Where to pronounce ‘The’ and where to pronounce ‘Thee’

‘दी’- If the next word starts with a vowel sound

अगर अगले शब्द की शुरुआत स्वर की ध्वनि से हो

‘द’- If the next word starts with a consonant sound

अगर अगले शब्द की शुरुआत व्यंजन की ध्वनि से हो।

Note- जो logic a,an में लगता है वहीं यहां पर भी लगता है।

For example-

The boy- द बॉय, The year- द यीयर, The ear- दी इअर, The end- दी एण्ड

Where to use ‘The’

(‘The’ का प्रयोग कहां पर)

1. Article ‘the’ is used before rivers, canals, sea/ocean, bay/ gulf, desert, group of islands and range of mountains etc.

Article ‘the’ का प्रयोग नदियों, नहरों, सागर/महासागर, खाड़ी, रेगिस्तान, द्वीपों के समूह तथा पर्वतों की श्रृंखला के साथ किया जाता है।

Examples- the Ganges, the Indian Ocean, the Thar Desert, the Bay of Bengal, the West Indies, the Himalayas, the Aravallis, the Nile, the Atlantic, the Pacific Ocean, the Red Sea, the Caspian Sea etc.

The Indian Ocean is named after our country, India.

There are many snow-capped mountains in the Himalayas.

The Yamuna flows by Delhi, Agra and some other important cities and towns.

2. Article ‘the’ is used before the names of holy books.

Article ‘the’ का प्रयोग ‘ धार्मिक किताबों’ से पहले किया जाता है।

Examples- The Ramayana, The Quran, The Guru Granth Sahib, The Bible

The Geeta teaches us to do our duty without thinking of the result.

The Quran guides us to follow the right path.

3. Article ‘the’ is used before the names of directions.

Article ‘the’ का प्रयोग दिशाओं के नाम से पहले किया जाता है।

Examples- The north, The south, The east, The west

Paris is in the north of France.

Moscow is in the west of Russia.

4. Article ‘the’ is always used before the superlative degree of adjectives.

Adjectives की superlative degree से पहले हमेशा ‘the’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples:- The tallest building, The most important question, the lowest, the highest, the youngest, the nearest etc.

February is the shortest month of the year.

The biggest planet in our solar system is Jupiter.

This is the best book on Ornithology.

This minister is the ablest of all.

5. Article ‘the’ is used before the names of newspapers

समाचार पत्रों के नाम से पहले article ‘the’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples-

My father reads the Times of India daily.

The Hindustan Times is an English newspaper.

She works for the Indian Express.

Are you a regular reader of the Hindustan Times?

6. With countries, the names of which include kingdom, states or republic.

उन देशों के साथ, जिनके नाम में kingdom, states या republic आता है।

Examples-

Jennifer is from the United States.

The United Kingdom ( UK) is a country that consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

He visited the Republic of Ireland.

7. With countries that have plural names

उन देशों के साथ जिनके नाम बहुवचन में हैं ।

Examples-

I think the Philippines is a beautiful country.

I have never been to the Netherlands.

8. With the names of families but not with the names of individuals

परिवारों के नाम के साथ लेकिन व्यक्तियों के नाम के साथ नहीं।

Examples-

The Ranas, The Khans, The Tatas, The Guptas, The Jacksons etc.

I have invited the Kapoors for lunch.

The Yadavas have been living in Delhi  for many years

The Chauhan has sold his car to the seller. (×××)

Chauhan has sold his car to the seller. (✓✓✓)

9. To denote a class of people, we use the structure ‘the+ adjective’

लोगों के एक वर्ग या समूह को बताने के लिए, संरचना ‘the+ adjective’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples-

The old, The young, The rich, The poor etc.

The rich should help the poor.

( The rich means ‘rich people’)

The elderly require special attention.

( The elderly means  ‘old people’)

The interests of the poor must be protected.

10. With ordinal numbers like first, second, third etc.

( क्रमवाचक संख्याओं के साथ)

Examples-

the last chapter, the first time, the third number, the second occasion, the penultimate number etc.

The second Saturday of every month is a holiday in schools.

Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.

Manish was the second runner to finish the race.

11. Before the names of trains, ships,  aeroplanes etc.

रेलगाड़ी, जहाज, हवाईजहाज आदि के नाम से पहले।

Examples-

We travelled by the Golconda Express.

The Rajdhani Express connects New Delhi to many state capitals.

The Chetak Express plies between New Delhi and Udaipur.

12. Before the names of musical instruments

वाद्य यंत्रों के नाम से पहले।
Examples-

Harish plays the piano brilliantly.

Do you know how to play the flute?

13. Before the word “Whole” & After the word “All”

‘Whole’ word से पहले और ‘All’ word के बाद

Examples-

All the books are here.

I visited the whole world.

The whole class was absent.

14. Use of ‘The’ before ‘only’ only when ‘only’ means ‘the only one’ in the sentence

Only से पहले ‘The’ का प्रयोग केवल तब, जब वाक्य में only का मतलब हो ‘इकलौता’

Examples-

the only son, the only friend, the only person etc.

He was the only son of his parents.

My aunt is the only person I trust.

Is this the only bowl you have?

15. Before the noun that is already mentioned

उस संज्ञा से पहले जिसका उल्लेख पहले किया जा चुका हो।

Examples-

A boy is waiting outside. The boy wants to see you.

The man you saw at my house is my uncle.

16. Before a common noun when that noun represents the whole class

किसी जातिवाचक संज्ञा से पहले जब वह संज्ञा संपूर्ण वर्ग का प्रतिनिधित्व करती हो

Examples-

The cat loves comfort.

The peacock is a beautiful bird.

The wolf is not a dangerous animal.

17. Before the names of well-known buildings, institutions, museums and monuments

प्रसिद्ध इमारतों, संस्थानों, संग्रहालयों और स्मारकों के नाम से पहले

The Taj Mahal, The Qutub Minar, The Lal Quila, The Eiffel Tower etc.

The Taj Mahal is a symbol of love.

Whenever I visit Jaipur, I go to see the Hawa Mahal situated there.

I would like to visit the Taj Mahal.

18. With unique people/objects 

( यूनिक लोगों/वस्तुओं के साथ, जो केवल एक है)

Examples-

The Sun, The Earth, The Moon, The President, The CEO, The world, The sky etc.

1. The Earth is a planet.

2. The Moon is a satellite of the Earth.

3. The Equator divides the Earth into two halves.

19. Before important days

महत्वपूर्ण दिनों से पहले।

Examples-

Our Constitution came into force on the 26th of January, 1950.

Nikhil will return on the eve of Christmas.

20. Sometimes, before uncountable nouns used in a particularised sense

कभी-कभी, अगणनीय संज्ञाओं से पहले जब इनका प्रयोग एक विशेष अर्थ में किया गया हो।

Examples-

The water of the Ganges is believed to cure many diseases.

The strength of the boxer, who is the winner of the match, is amazing.

21. If an adjective is placed after a noun, ‘the’ is used before that adjective. As-

यदि किसी adjective को noun के बाद लगा दिया जाता है तो उस adjective से पहले ‘the’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-

Ashoka the Great

Ashoka the Great was the third king of the Mauryan Empire.

22. Article ‘the’ is used to express nationality.

Article ‘the’ का प्रयोग ‘राष्ट्रीयता’ को बताने के लिए किया जाता है।

Examples-

The Asians, the Indians, the English (the people of England), the Sri Lankans, the Nepalese

The Japanese are warm-hearted people.

The Irish like to dance.

23. Before religious community, historical empire/dynasty, historical period, decades, centuries

धार्मिक समुदाय, ऐतिहासिक साम्राज्य/राजवंश, ऐतिहासिक काल, दशक, शताब्दी से पहले।

Examples-

the Hindus, the Mughal Empire, the Aryans, the Middle Ages etc.

The 1960s were a time of student rebellion.

She studies the literature of the ‘Victorian Era’.

24. When ‘of’ is used instead of ‘than’ after the comparative degree, we use ‘the’ before the comparative degree.

जब comparative degree के बाद  than की बजाय ‘of’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो हम comparative degree से पहले ‘the’ का प्रयोग करते है।

Examples-

Sumit is better of the two students.(×××)

Sumit is the better of the two students.(✓✓✓)

This knife is the sharper of the two.

That dog was the more dangerous of the two.

Omission of Articles in English Grammar

There are certain circumstances where no article is needed:

1. Before proper nouns

‘Proper noun’ से पहले।

India is one of the fastest developing economies today.

Shreya has just returned from Germany.

New Delhi is the capital of India.

2. Before names of languages

(भाषाओं के नाम से पहले )

People of my country speak the Hindi. (×××)

The people of my country speak Hindi. (✓✓✓)

Hindi is not spoken in some states of India.

My brother has graduated in botany.

3. Before the names of games, sports and activities

( खेलों और गतिविधियों के नाम से पहले)

Cricket is a popular sport.

I love swimming.

Sania Mirza is a famous player of tennis.

4. Before the names of meals

भोजन के नाम से पहले

Did you have breakfast this morning?

Let’s go out for dinner tonight.

What time do you have dinner?

Note- Article ‘the’ can be used before the names of meals when it is used in a specific sense. For example-

The dinner we had last night was very heavy.

The breakfast that your mother made was very tasty.

5. Before plural countable nouns that refer to the entire class

‘Plural countable nouns’ से पहले जो संपूर्ण वर्ग का बोध कराती हैं।

Camels are useful animals.

Apples are grown in Himachal Pradesh.

6. Before the names of abstract nouns used in a general sense

‘ Abstract nouns’ से पहले जब इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया जाता है।

We all praise honesty and humility.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Friendship means understanding and trust.

Modesty makes a better person.

7. Before the names of material nouns used in a general sense like gold, silver, platinum, water etc.

‘Material nouns’ से पहले जब इनका प्रयोग सामान्य अर्थ में किया गया हो, जैसे- सोना, चांदी, प्लैटिनम, पानी आदि।

Water is the basis of life on Earth.

Gold is a precious metal.

Smoking is injurious to health.

8. Before the names of diseases

बीमारियों के नाम से पहले

India has succeeded in eradicating the dreaded disease of polio.

Mosquito bite can cause malaria.

9. Before the words denoting family relations with respect to the speaker

वक्ता के संबंध में पारिवारिक संबंधों को दर्शाने वाले शब्दों से पहले।

 Father bought this book.

Mother cooked this meal.

Aunt wants you to meet her.

10. Before the name of the subject

विषय के नाम से पहले

The mathematics is a very interesting subject. (×××)

Mathematics is a very interesting subject.(✓✓✓)

I am studying Hindi.

He studied English at home.

11. If man, woman, mankind, science, death, life, society, love, nature etc. are used as a general term, we don’t use ‘the’ before these.

यदि ‘आदमी, औरत, मानवजाति, विज्ञान, मृत्यु, जीवन, समाज, प्यार, प्रकृति’ आदि का प्रयोग सामान्य रूप में हुआ है तो हम ‘the’ का प्रयोग इनसे पहले नहीं करते हैं।

The man is mortal but soul is immortal.(×××)

Man is mortal but soul is immortal. (√√√)

Woman is an embodiment of patience.

Death keeps no calendar.

12. Before names of festivals, holidays, days and months

त्योहारों, अवकाश, दिन तथा महीनों के नाम से पहले

The Holi (×××)

Holi (✓✓✓)

We are going to celebrate Diwali.

February is the shortest month of the year.

13. If in a sentence ‘school, college, church, bed, hospital, market, prison, jail, court, temple, mosque, university’ is used for primary purpose, article ‘the’ is not used.

यदि किसी वाक्य में ‘स्कूल, कॉलेज, चर्च, बेड, अस्पताल, बाज़ार, कारागार, जेल, कोर्ट, मंदिर, मस्जिद, यूनिवर्सिटी’ आदि का प्रयोग प्राथमिक उद्देश्य अर्थात जिसके लिए ये जाने जाते हैं, उसी के लिए किया गया हो तब हम article ‘the’ का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं।

His friend was admitted in hospital after the accident.

She goes to temple daily.

Note- For secondary purpose ‘the’ is used.

द्वितीयक उद्देश्य के लिए ‘the’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples-

She was at the station to receive the guest.

He went to the hospital to see his friend.

14. We don’t use ‘a/an/the’ before any means of transport in structure- ‘By+ means of transport’

‘By+ means of transport’- जब इस structure का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो परिवहन के किसी भी साधन से पहले ‘the’ का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

We are going to Mumbai by the train.(×××)

We are going to Mumbai by train. (√√√)

I usually travel by train.

He goes by subway.

Conclusion– आशा है कि आप इस post (Articles in English Grammar) में बताए गए सभी points अच्छे से समझ गए होंगे। यदि आपको यह पोस्ट helpful लगा हो तो इस पोस्ट को अपने Friends और Other students को Share अवश्य करें।

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111 thoughts on “Articles in English Grammar

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